THE POLITICS of POLICE POWERS

= 2

= This paper traces
where we have come from
and
where we appear to be going = reg= arding the 'policing' of transnational
or
'serious' crimes.

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UwDn18l5ziLFs5P1zOf63pfEgs7ylrv8ZQAzugMEroGBzYzjNE+axyFzsKXfnGnvbZrTYAX1h/ss YlJfedBCKLQgDu3lRINZzI0uswjO3C01n4DNtfbxrTGdgyzumteXpW+wAz3sFBsa1cqO8Yxr4Ojo joa6kZa2ZKvtZkyXctvclrCwsUxoFSM71YseMI2dDe1167qbwba+tEjpXW9eC0Hf5Fb0BmTc7Eev O9Z0nfWaqd1ga0sY4QnvOC2WvepWpxvSCbb4tEPmcY57fOUsB2co99rymMvc5cLE4sxvjnOQqDzn PO95ZnBrc58LfejOAPofiY70oe886Uxf+dKbDnVuPz3quwgEADs= ------=_NextPart_01C6A45D.DD2FD0D0 Content-Location: file:///C:/E72D22B3/ThePoliticsofPolicePowers_files/slide0003.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" THE POLITICS of POLICE POWERS

nWHERE WE CAME FROM...

nEnforcement of Organized Crime

nStreet level policing,

nTargeting up,

nKing-Pin focus,

nFocus on money – Proceeds of Crime,

nMoney Laundering,

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<= /span>Canada (Original) Legislative Tools Against Organized Crime and Money Laundering

nMutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Act = (1988)= , <= /b>

n

nProceeds of Crime Legislation (1989), <= /b>

n

nAct to Facilitate Combating the Laundering of = Proceeds of Crime (1991),

n

nSeized Property Management Act (Bill C-123) (1993), <= /b>

n

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5

= RECE= NT DEVE= LOPMENTS

DURING THE 2000's

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6

nBill C-22

n[2000 amended in 2001]

n

nMade the reporting of suspicous transactions = <= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:88%'>mandatory,=

n

nCreated a cross-border reporting requirement,=

n

nCreated FINTRAC (Financial Transact= ions Reports Analysis Centre of Canada)

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7

nBill C-24

n[2002]

nReduces the required numbers of mem= bers in the criminal organizations from 5 to 3,&= #13;

n

nRemoves the notion of 'on-going' pattern of criminality of the criminal organization,

n

nIncreased the number of included offences from 24 to now include most indictable offences,

n

nBroadens the powers of law enforcem= ent to forfeit the proceeds of crime,

n

nCreates 3 new offences: participati= ng, committing<= /u>, and = instructing= = an offence for= a criminal organization.

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8

n= Bill C-53

n[No= vember 2005]

n

n

nReferred to as the Reverse Onus Forfeiture Act.

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9

= nThe Future:

= n

= n C= rime Commissions

= nfor=

= nPu= blic Policing

n

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10

nCommission PowersnInclude in Various Jurisdictions

n&#= 13;

nSubpoena powers,

nCoercive powers to compel witnesses to testify, =

nPowers (via the Attorney General) to grant immunity,

nAbrogation of privileged against self-incrimination,

nAbrogation of legal professional priviliged,

nArmed investigators,

nInformant money,

nFull access to policing data banks,

nElectronic surveillance capability and search warrants, = ;

nArrest warrants,

n'Controlled' and undercover operations, <= /div>
nGeneral police officer status,

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11

nCommission-type Agencies Along a Continuum:
= nRelationship between the Commission and th= e <= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:94%;color:#F1FE4E'>Pub= lic Police <= /div>

A

B

D

E

F

G

C

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Some concerns that have been raised in various jurisdictions...

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n

nNo evidence that existing laws were inadequate, =

nFear of the move to reduce the requirement for actual <= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:81%'>evidence,

nThe introduction of non-specific concept of 'generalized= <= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:81%'>criminality', = ;

nRisk of abuse from 'membership' legistlation,

nRelaxed 'mens rea' ,

nConcern that compelling witnesses may jeopardize the <= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:81%'>truthfullness of evidence,

nUndermining of the adverserial system,

nFundamental reduction on the traditional limits to polic= e = powers,

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14

•̶= 6;THA= NK YOU

̶= 6;FOR= YOUR ATTENTION!..

̶= 6;

̶= 6;

̶= 6;QUESTIONS?

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‹header›=

‹date/time›

‹footer›=

‹#›

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s.posWidth=3Dg_origW*factor s.posHeight=3Dg_origH*factor s.posLeft=3D(cltWidth-s.posWidth+padding)/2 s.posTop=3D(cltHeight-s.posHeight+padding)/2 if( g_scaleHyperlinks ) ScaleHyperlinks( factor ) } function _InitAnimations() { animRuntimeInstalled =3D ''+document.body.localTime !=3D 'undefined'; isFullScreen =3D (window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld") && !parent.IsFramesMode(); g_animUseRuntime =3D g_showAnimation && animRuntimeInstalled && !(isFullSc= reen && parent.IsSldVisited()); if( g_animUseRuntime ) { collSeq =3D document.all.tags("seq"); if( collSeq !=3D null ) { for(ii=3D0;ii numSlds ) gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds; if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) { if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 ) gSldJumpIdx =3D 1; var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx); gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D ""; win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref ) } } } function _KDH() { if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) { event.returnValue =3D 0; parent.GoToPrevSld(); } } function DocumentOnClick() { if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return; if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && !parent.IsFramesMode() ) || (event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) ) parent.GoToNextSld(); } var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""= , g_bgSound=3D"", g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser = =3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 1; var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w= indow.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser );va= r g_animManager =3D null; var g_animUseRuntime =3D false; var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime; var g_animMainSequence =3D null; var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram= es", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D14, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_= HREF=3D"fullscreen.htm"; var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO= tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML() var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0001.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(= "slide0002.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0003.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("= slide0004.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0005.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s= lide0006.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0007.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl= ide0008.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0009.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sli= de0010.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0011.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid= e0012.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0013.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide= 0014.htm",1,-1,1)); /********************************************* Frameset functions These functions control slide navigation and state of the frameset. **********************************************/ function FullScrInit() { g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black" document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM; document.onkeydown =3D _KDH; document.ondragstart=3DCancel document.onselectstart=3DCancel self.focus() } function Redirect( frmId ) {=09 var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId() if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1); if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) { obj =3D GetObj("Main-File") window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId return 1 } return 0 } var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();=20 function CalculateMHTMLPrefix() { if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {=20 href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)=20 Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1=20 End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1=20 if (End < Start)=20 return href.substring(0, Start)=20 else=20 return href.substring(0, End)=20 } return ''; } function GetTags(base,tag) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag); else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag); } function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP= refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) } function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() } function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() } function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() } function SetHasNts( fVal ) { if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) { gHasNts=3DfVal UpdNavPane() } } function ToggleOtlText() { gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp UpdOtlPane() } function ClearMedia() { // Clear any sounds playing before launching another browser window. Other= wise, // in fullscreen mode, you'll continue to hear the sound in the frames mod= e. if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0; } function FullScreen() {=20 if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) PPTSld.document.body.pause(); ClearMedia(); var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF = : FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref; if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) { var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0 var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top= =3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } else { win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } } function ToggleVNarration() { rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay") if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) ) rObj.Play() else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 ) rObj.Pause() else return; } else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID") if( narObj ) narObj.togglePause() } } function GetCurSldNum() { =20 obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld) if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return obj.mSldIdx else =20 return gCurSld } function GetNumSlds() { =20 if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds; else return GetSldList().mList.length } function GetSldNum( href ) { for(ii=3D0; ii 1 ) PopSldList(); else if( !IsFramesMode() ) { if( gLoopCont ) GoToFirst() else EndShow() } } function GoToPrevSld() { ii=3DgCurSld-1 if( ii > 0 ) { obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii) while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) ) obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii) if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1 GoToSldNum(ii) } } function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) } function GoToLast() { ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length if( ii !=3D gCurSld ) GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref ) } function GoToSldNum( num ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue obj =3D GetHrefObj( num ) obj.mVis=3D1 gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld =3D num; PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+obj.mSldHref) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function GoToSld( href ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1 PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+href) } function SldUpdated( id ) { if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) } function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO= bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) } function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) } function CloseWindow() { if( HideMenu() ) return; =09 var event =3D PPTSld.event; if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D= =3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) ) window.close( self ); CatchNumKeys( self, event ); } function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; } function SetupEndShow() { gIsEndShow=3D1; PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no"; PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM; } function EndShow() { if( IsFramesMode() ) return if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue doc=3DPPTSld.document var dir =3D doc.body.dir if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr"; doc.open() doc.writeln('

' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '
') doc.close() } function SetSldVisited(){ GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited=3Dtrue } function IsSldVisited(){ return GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited } function hrefList( sldHref, visible, advDelay, advClk ) { this.mSldHref=3D this.mNtsHref =3D sldHref this.mOrigVis=3D this.mVis =3D visible this.mVisited=3D false this.mAdvDelay=3D advDelay this.mAdvOnClk=3D advClk } function SldList(arr,curSld,fEnd) { this.mCurSld =3D curSld; this.mList =3D new Array(); var idx =3D 1; for(ii=3D0;ii 0) { PushSldList(sldList,fEnd); gCurSld =3D 1; } else if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) { var ii =3D gSldStack.length; gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd); GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref ); } function PopSldList() { if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow) EndShow() else { gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld; gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null; gSldStack.length--; var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1]; GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref ); } } var custShowList=3Dnew Array(); /********************************************* Navigation button implementation There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn implemented as function objects. They share a similiar interface so the event handlers can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20 object without needing to know exactly=20 what type of button it is. **********************************************/ //---------------------------------- function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action ) //---------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _IBP t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE t.ChangeIcon =3D null t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _IBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.mBorderId=3D bId t.mWidth =3D w t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0 } function _IBSetA() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _IBSetI() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } } function _IBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 ) obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1 } } function _IBSetD() { =20 obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } function _IBSetE( state ) { var t=3Dthis GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible" if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) { t.mIsOn=3Dstate if( state ) t.SetInactive() else t.SetDisabled() } } function _IBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) { if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( t.ChangeIcon ) { obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId) if( t.ChangeIcon() ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth else obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth } t.SetActive() } =20 } function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState ) { var t=3Dthis SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 ) obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj= .style.posTop t.mCurState=3DnextState return obj } //----------------------------------------- function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState ) //----------------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _TBP t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE t.GetState =3D chkState t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _TBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.m_elementsId=3D oeId t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBSetA() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetI() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) } function _TBSetD() { =20 this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) this.mIsOn =3D 0 } function _TBSetE() { var t=3Dthis if( !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) else t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) {=20 if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( !t.GetState ) return if( t.GetState() ) t.SetPressed() else t.SetActive() } =20 } function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset ) { SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 ) Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset ) } function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle= ft } function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight ) { s=3Dobj.style; s.borderStyle =3D "solid" s.borderWidth =3D 1=20 s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight } function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] } function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() } function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() } function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() } function BtnOnUp() { b=3DGetBtnObj() if( b !=3D null ) b.Perform() else Upd() } function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen } function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen } function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp } function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal ) { s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style s.display=3D"none" if( fVal ) s.display=3D"" else s.display=3D"none" } function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etActive() } function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etInactive() } function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etPressed() } function _BSetA_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20 if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _BSetI_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId] if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"= THREEDFACE" var gBtnArr =3D new Array() gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan= e,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt= lPane,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN= tsPane ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.= ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To= ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n= b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld ) gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n= b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent= .FullScreen ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa= rent.FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent= .FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice= ","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration ) gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT= xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts" gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState /********************************************* Context menu implementation _CM() is the function that's hooked up to the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to show the menu, we first build it by creating DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20 within the screen area so it doesn't get clipped. Creating the DIVs using createElement() means we don't have to write out any extra HTML into the slide HTML files. **********************************************/ var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr= row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval" function ShowMenu() { BuildMenu(); var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y= =3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) ) m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth m.style.pixelTop=3Dy if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) ) m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight m.style.display=3D"" } function _CM() { if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return; if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) { ShowMenu() return false } else HideMenu() } function BuildMenu() { if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body ) mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu" mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden" var s=3DmObj.style s.position=3D"absolute" s.cursor=3D"default" s.width=3D"120px" SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black") var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj ) SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" ) iObj.style.padding=3D2 CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld ) =09 CreateSeparator( iObj ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True ) mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" } function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa= lue=3Dfalse } function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") } function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") } function Perform() { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) e.Action() else PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function ChangeClr( bg,clr ) { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) { e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg e.style.color=3Dclr } } function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) } function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() } function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();= PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() } function M_True() { return true } function M_End() { window.close( self ) } function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval ) { var e=3DCreateItem( node ) e.type=3D"menuitem" e.Action=3Daction e.IsActive=3Deval e.innerHTML=3Dtext if( !e.IsActive() ) e.style.color=3D"threedshadow" e.onclick=3DPerform e.onmouseover=3DHighlight e.onmouseout=3DDeselect s=3De.style; 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charset="us-ascii" THE POLITICS of POLICE POWERS ------=_NextPart_01C6A45D.DD2FD0D0 Content-Location: file:///C:/E72D22B3/ThePoliticsofPolicePowers_files/outline.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"

No= tes

Slide Show

Outline

1

THE POLITICS
of
POLICE POWERS

Dr. Margaret BEARE

Nathanson Centre for the Study of Organized Crime and Corruption

CANADA

2

This paper trace= s
where we have come from
and
where we appear to be going regarding the 'policing' of transnational or
'serious' crimes.

3

"WHERE WE C= AME FROM..."

WHERE WE CAME FROM...

Enforcement of Organized Crime

Street level policing,

Targeting up,

King-Pin focus,

Focus on money – Proceeds of Crime,

Money Laundering,

4

"Canada (Or= iginal"

Canada (Original) Legislative Tools Against Organized Crime and Mon= ey Laundering

Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Act (1988),

Proceeds of Crime Legislation (1989),

Act to Facilitate Combating the Laundering of Proceeds of Crime (199= 1),

Seized Property Management Act (Bill C-123) (1993),

5

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

DURING THE 2000's

6

"Bill C-22&= quot;

Bill C-22

[2000 amended in 2001]

Made the reporting of suspicous transactions mandatory,

Created a cross-border reporting requirement,

Created FINTRAC (Financial Transactions Reports Analysis Centre of Canada)

7

"Bill C-24&= quot;

Bill C-24

[2002]

Reduces the required numbers of members in the criminal organizations from 5 to 3,

Removes the notion of 'on-going' pattern of criminality of the crimi= nal organization,

Increased the number of included offences from 24 to now include most indictable offences,

Broadens the powers of law enforcement to forfeit the proceeds of cr= ime,

Creates 3 new offences: participating, committing, and instructing an offence for a criminal organization.

8

"Bill C-53&= quot;

Bill C-53

[November 2005]

Referred to as the Reverse Onus Forfeiture Act.

9

"The Future= "

The Future:

Crime Commissions

for

Public Policing

10

"Commissio= n Powers"

Commission Powers

Include in Various Jurisdictions

Subpoena powers,

Coercive powers to compel witnesses to testify,

Powers (via the Attorney General) to grant immunity,

Abrogation of privileged against self-incrimination,

Abrogation of legal professional priviliged,

Armed investigators,

Informant money,

Full access to policing data banks,

Electronic surveillance capability and search warrants,

Arrest warrants,

'Controlled' and undercover operations,

General police officer status,

11

"Commissio= n-type Agencies Along a Continuum"

Commission-type Agencies Along a Continuum:

Relationship between the Commission and the Public Police

12

Some concerns t= hat have been raised in various jurisdictions...

13

"No eviden= ce that existing laws..."

No evidence that existing laws were inadequate,

Fear of the move to reduce the requirement for actual evidence,

The introduction of non-specific concept of 'generalized criminality= ',

Risk of abuse from 'membership' legistlation,

Relaxed 'mens rea' ,

Concern that compelling witnesses may jeopardize the truthfullness of evidence,

Undermining of the adverserial system,

Fundamental reduction on the traditional limits to police powers,

14

"THANK YOU= "

THANK YOU

FOR YOUR ATTENTION!..

QUESTIONS?

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1	THE POLITICS of POLICE POWERS Dr. Margaret BEARE Nathanson Centre for the Study of Organized Crime and Corruption CANADA
2	This paper trace= s where we have come from and where we appear to be going regarding the 'policing' of transnational or 'serious' crimes.
3	"WHERE WE C= AME FROM..." WHERE WE CAME FROM... Enforcement of Organized Crime Street level policing, Targeting up, King-Pin focus, Focus on money – Proceeds of Crime, Money Laundering,
4	"Canada (Or= iginal" Canada (Original) Legislative Tools Against Organized Crime and Mon= ey Laundering Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Act (1988), Proceeds of Crime Legislation (1989), Act to Facilitate Combating the Laundering of Proceeds of Crime (199= 1), Seized Property Management Act (Bill C-123) (1993),
5	RECENT DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE 2000's
6	"Bill C-22&= quot; Bill C-22 [2000 amended in 2001] Made the reporting of suspicous transactions mandatory, Created a cross-border reporting requirement, Created FINTRAC (Financial Transactions Reports Analysis Centre of Canada)
7	"Bill C-24&= quot; Bill C-24 [2002] Reduces the required numbers of members in the criminal organizations from 5 to 3, Removes the notion of 'on-going' pattern of criminality of the crimi= nal organization, Increased the number of included offences from 24 to now include most indictable offences, Broadens the powers of law enforcement to forfeit the proceeds of cr= ime, Creates 3 new offences: participating, committing, and instructing an offence for a criminal organization.
8	"Bill C-53&= quot; Bill C-53 [November 2005] Referred to as the Reverse Onus Forfeiture Act.
9	"The Future= " The Future: Crime Commissions for Public Policing
10	"Commissio= n Powers" Commission Powers Include in Various Jurisdictions Subpoena powers, Coercive powers to compel witnesses to testify, Powers (via the Attorney General) to grant immunity, Abrogation of privileged against self-incrimination, Abrogation of legal professional priviliged, Armed investigators, Informant money, Full access to policing data banks, Electronic surveillance capability and search warrants, Arrest warrants, 'Controlled' and undercover operations, General police officer status,
11	"Commissio= n-type Agencies Along a Continuum" Commission-type Agencies Along a Continuum: Relationship between the Commission and the Public Police
12	Some concerns t= hat have been raised in various jurisdictions...
13	"No eviden= ce that existing laws..." No evidence that existing laws were inadequate, Fear of the move to reduce the requirement for actual evidence, The introduction of non-specific concept of 'generalized criminality= ', Risk of abuse from 'membership' legistlation, Relaxed 'mens rea' , Concern that compelling witnesses may jeopardize the truthfullness of evidence, Undermining of the adverserial system, Fundamental reduction on the traditional limits to police powers,
14	"THANK YOU= " THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!.. QUESTIONS?